On 26 May 2016, the Plenary of the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance in Bucharest adopted the following non-legally binding working definition of antisemitism:
“Antisemitism is a certain perception of Jews, which may be expressed as hatred toward Jews. Rhetorical and physical manifestations of antisemitism are directed toward Jewish or non-Jewish individuals and/or their property, toward Jewish community institutions and religious facilities.”
To guide the IHRA in its work, the following examples may serve as illustrations:
Manifestations might include the targeting of the state of Israel, conceived as a Jewish collectivity. However, criticism of Israel similar to that leveled against any other country cannot be regarded as antisemitic. Antisemitism frequently charges Jews with conspiring to harm humanity, and it is often used to blame Jews for “why things go wrong.” It is expressed in speech, writing, visual forms and action, and employs sinister stereotypes and negative character traits.
Contemporary examples of antisemitism in public life, the media, schools, the workplace, and in the religious sphere could, taking into account the overall context, include, but are not limited to:
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- Calling for, aiding, or justifying the killing or harming of Jews in the name of a radical ideology or an extremist view of religion.
- Making mendacious, dehumanizing, demonizing, or stereotypical allegations about Jews as such or the power of Jews as collective — such as, especially but not exclusively, the myth about a world Jewish conspiracy or of Jews controlling the media, economy, government or other societal institutions.
- Accusing Jews as a people of being responsible for real or imagined wrongdoing committed by a single Jewish person or group, or even for acts committed by non-Jews.
- Denying the fact, scope, mechanisms (e.g. gas chambers) or intentionality of the genocide of the Jewish people at the hands of National Socialist Germany and its supporters and accomplices during World War II (the Holocaust).
- Accusing the Jews as a people, or Israel as a state, of inventing or exaggerating the Holocaust.
- Accusing Jewish citizens of being more loyal to Israel, or to the alleged priorities of Jews worldwide, than to the interests of their own nations.
Denying the Jewish people their right to self-determination, e.g., by claiming that the existence of a State of Israel is a racist endeavor. - Applying double standards by requiring of it a behavior not expected or demanded of any other democratic nation.
- Using the symbols and images associated with classic antisemitism (e.g., claims of Jews killing Jesus or blood libel) to characterize Israel or Israelis.
- Drawing comparisons of contemporary Israeli policy to that of the Nazis.
- Holding Jews collectively responsible for actions of the state of Israel.
Antisemitic acts are criminal when they are so defined by law (for example, denial of the Holocaust or distribution of antisemitic materials in some countries).
Criminal acts are antisemitic when the targets of attacks, whether they are people or property – such as buildings, schools, places of worship and cemeteries – are selected because they are, or are perceived to be, Jewish or linked to Jews.
Antisemitic discrimination is the denial to Jews of opportunities or services available to others and is illegal in many countries.
As of February 2021, the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) working definition of antisemitism has been formally adopted for internal use by the following countries:
Albania (22 October 2020), Argentina (4 June 2020), Austria (25 April 2017), Belgium (14 December 2018), Bulgaria (18 October 2017), Canada (27 June 2019), Cyprus (18 December 2019), Czech Republic (25 January 2019), France (3 December 2019), Germany (20 September 2017), Greece (8 November 2019), Guatemala (27 January 2021), Hungary (18 February 2019), Israel (22 January 2017), Italy (17 January 2020), Lithuania (24 January 2018), Luxembourg (10 July 2019), Moldova (18 January 2019), Netherlands (27 November 2018)North Macedonia (6 March 2018), Romania (25 May 2017), Serbia (26 February 2020), Slovakia (28 November 2018), Slovenia (20 December 2018), Spain (22 July 2020), Sweden (21 January 2020), United Kingdom (12 December 2016), United States (11 December 2019), Uruguay (27 January 2020).
In addition, the IHRA working definition of antisemitism has also been endorsed and applied by public bodies, such as universities and towns including the cities of London and Berlin, and by cultural, academic, and civil society organisations across Europe and the world..
Through the initiative of the European Parliament Working Group Against Antisemitism, the IHRA working definition of antisemitism was translated into all 24 official EU languages by the translation service of the European Parliament to ensure maximum transparency and credibility.
Member States are now called on to adopt and use the IHRA working definition of antisemitism as a guidance tool, as an invaluable tool in the fight against antisemitism.
